Official national languages in higher education, science and technology in Europe and their linguistic classification.
SOME PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS
The objective of this homepage is to present studies about the word
CHEMOMETRICS and to make updates of this study. The primary part of these
studies includes the list of written and pronunciation forms of this word
in various languages. To understand well the subject, one should first
know what does it mean"language", "national language", "language in higher
education, science and technology".
At first, we consider a human language in everyday use at all levels
and all areas of human activity, as for example, the English language,
Portuguese, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, German, Japanese, and so on. This
language consists of its writting system, pronunciation system, phonology,
grammar, vocabulary, culture, and all items that make this language to
be considered as a language in a strict linguistical sense. Besides this,
historical, political, socio-economic and other items are important for
the definition of a language. These are two poles that are sometimes difficult
to be considered when one wants to distinguish a language from a dialect,
a set of dialects or a language variety.
Second, by "national language" we call languages that are natively
spoken by various peoples, nations, states, countries and territories,
to emphasize that besides the English language, these national languages
are also used in teaching at the higher education level, and that some
science and technology is expressed in these languages. By a "national
language" we consider also one or more standard forms of this language,
the forms that are in official use, with standard writting and standard
pronunciation, standardized grammar, phonology and vocabulary.
Third, the levels of the language use that enable vocabulary update
and development in accordance with current scientific and technological
advances are higher education (tertiary or at least post-secondary education),
scientific activities and considerable technology. However, not all of
these activities we could consider as directly and indirectly connected
to chemistry and chemometrics. Natural sciences and mathematics, technical
sciences, medicinal and pharmaceutical or life sciences, and geosciences
were considered in some national language as possibly related to chemistry
and chemometrics. In this sense, higher education and science related to
other areas such as literature, arts, humanities and social sciences were
not considered as relevant for chemometrics. A language that has some higher
education or scientific activity only in these areas was not counted as
a "national language in higher education, science and technology" that
would be relevant for our study. Therefore, the term "national language
in higher education, science and technology" can be understood as a standardized
form (or forms) that is in official use in a country, part of a country,
in a nation or ethnical group, and as a such is used in at least one of
these activities: teaching and training at the higher education level;
scientific activities at formal level or significant scientific activities
at informal level (i.e. the language is not yet formally admitted
in science); the language of the technology of a nation/people/country/state/territory
under consideration is only this language or one of the languages in common
use.
Fourth, the status of these languages is de jure (language use
defined by the constitution and/or laws) or de facto (not defined
by laws but in common use in official institutions of the nation/people/country/state/territory).
Therefore, the language may be the only one official language or one of
the official languages of the nation/people/country/state/territory. The
language can be also considered as a regional language, officially recognized
in the country where it is used. All these languages are living languages
(i.e. there is a considerable number of native speakers).
Fifth. Some languages are considered as regional languages with or
without official status, and are not used in higher education, science
and technology. However, some texts or scientific words appear in these
languages. Such a language is at the present moment the Sundanese. Other
langauges that have very modest contribution to higher education and/or
science/technology but are official languages in the states/territories.
These languages are serious candidates to become fully functional in these
areas, such as Urdu, Tamil and Telugu languages in India.
Sixth. There are some languages that do not satisfy all these conditions
but had to be taken into account because CHEMOMETRICS has be found in these
languages. Most of the living languages have appeared centuries and even
some thousands of years ago, usually belonging to some of the language
families or in some cases being language isolates (i.e. not belonging
to any language family). However, some languages are very recent, born
as mixtures of two or more languages that may belong to distinct language
families. These are the creole languages, but they were not found up to
now to be relevant for this homepage. There are two more types of languages
that had to be considered. One is the group of languages that can be considered
as extinct languages in real sense (no native speakers more) but with some
very limited use in science and other areas. The Scientific Latin, New
Latin or Modern Latin is such a language, with small differences with respect
to the Eclessiastical Latin which is an official language of the Vatican
City. Rare scientific texts or even words appear in this language. There
are some Latin-promoting societies what indicates some limited use of this
language. The Old English or Anglo-Saxon which is a completely extinct
language, is another example of such languages. Maybe some enthusiast or
a researcher will write some text in this language based on the language
reconstruction and will add new terms in a way by his/her choice. But this
still does not make the language alive in reality. The last group of languages
are artificial languages which were constructed by individuals or groups
with various purposes. Some languages as international auxiliary languages
(for example, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, etc.) were built to help people from
various countries and cultures to understand each other withouth learning
a language of some particular nation/country. Other artificial languages
were made with other purposes, for example, for science fiction stories.
Other aspects that characterize a language can be very complex and
sometimes difficult to explain in terms of fixed definitions. Some of them
are "native spekears" or "first language speakers" and "second language
speakers" and even "third language speakers". Today, many multicultural
societies have more than one official language at national and/or regional
level. On the other side, some languages are spoken worldwide, or are official
in many countries. There are many fluent bilingual or even trilingual speakers
that even declare having two or three languages as mother tongues.
The other important issue is the "native language" or "indigenous language"
versus some official language. Such cases are more frequent in the Americas,
Africa and a large part of Asia. By time, a language that was not native
becomes mother tongue of many people and after some centuries can be considered
as a native or at least a co-native language. Creole languages can be also
considered as native languages, emerged at the areas where they are spoken
and were not brought by some other people to the areas.
Political/ethnic versus linguistical unity is an additional item to
be considered. There are peoples/nations/ethnicities which talk languages
that are linguistically different i.e. these languages are not much
mutually intelligible and hence, are not dialects of the same language.
The languages may belong to the same group of languages, having the same
ancestral language but have separated and became distinct during the time.
However, some peoples/nations/ethnicities consider linguistic unity as
equivalent to their national, cultural, religious, historical and even
political unity. On the other side, there are languages that are linguistically
so similar or even equal that can be considered as dialects of one and
the same language. But the peoples/nations/ethnicities which talk these
languages consider themselves to be distinct from each other.
Especially complex situations exist in societies/countries where are
two or more indigenous languages sometimes from distinct language families.
Such languages may have rather long history, but only one or a very small
number of languages could be considered as official nationwide and regionally.
Many languages belong to small peoples/ethnicities which are unable to
maintain their language and culture and use it at all levels and in all
areas. Such and other similar cases contribute to extiction of many languages.
On the other side, with new political changes some new languages appear
in higher educatio, science and technology. Therefore, the language stituation
should be considered as a dynamic process that is not only geographically
determined but also historically.
All above mentioned items were considered in the studies about the
word CHEMOMETRICS.
Three additional conditions were applied in the search for the word
CHEMOMETRICS in standard national languages: 1) native forms of this word
were considered, not the English form (when there is no native form, the
English form is usually used); 2) the English form was considered if the
language in question was in some way similar or under strong influence
of English (for example the Icelandic language); 3) all primary sources
(written by natives or specialists in the language or country/territory
in question) of information were considered reliable, whilst secondary
or tertiary sources were not considered.
Once the reader knows what does it mean "national languages in higher
education, science and technology", he/she can understand in which languages
the word CHEMOMETRICS was found and studied.
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THE WORLD IN LANGUAGE LISTS
The world's linguistical geography of higher education, science and technology can be considered as the final result of the history of human mankind, that particularly reflected on the appearance, development and dissapearance of a large number of languages. Although one of the main factors to this geography is the time during and after the great discoveries (after Columbus) up to the present time, there are many other important historical periods. We could name some of them like the spread of the Arabic civilization and Viking conquests, consolidation of the Chinese civilization, Iberian reconquista, among others, that preceeded the discovery times. And before this, barbarian migrations and the fall of the Roman empire lead us to think about ancient civilizations and migrations at those times. If going deeper into the history, one would have to stop at the development of language families, and before that, the emergence of the human language, its branching and parallel migrations and separations of humans when inhabiting the world. At the end of all this, at the present moment, we are here: looking at the actual linguistic maps which are related to the word CHEMOMETRICS in national languages. How many hundred thousands of years have passed already?
There is a very important item that one must consider when drawing maps or making the list of languages used in higher education, science and technology. How to consider languages where the situation is not clear? Where there are two or more official languages at nation and/or region levels and no complete data to draw the map? How to draw the map for a country or territory where there is no considerable scientific activity because the country or territory is very small? And when there is some scientific or at least technological activity, which language to consider? When there are large parts of a country and territory that are poorly inhabited, with small cities and no close faculties, how then assign languages to these parts? Resolving such problems means that the maps will be trials or approximants to describe the real situation. We found that the solution is the most probably or natural tendency of these parts or countries/territories to use some language that could be considered as the language in higher education, science and technology. Based on liguistical composition and liguistical geography of such areas and other factors (political, socio-economic, linguistical, genetic, and so on), one of the official languages or a language from the country that is in the closest relationship with this area, was considered as the right language for the map.
In the list below, the world is divided into continental units. They
are presented in increasing order of the language complexity with respect
to higher education, science and technology. One should note that this
linguistic situation differs from official languages that are used by governments,
in public admnistration and other official bodies in the countries worldwide.
This is valid especially for Africa, Oceania and a great part of Asia,
and much less for the Americas.
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ANTARCTICA
There are no real inhabitants of this continent. There have never been indigenious populations of this continent. Only several groups of scientists stay temporary in Antarctica when doing scientific investigations. The following countries have been participated in the investigations so far to now, using probably the following languages:
Afrikaans:
South Africa
Belarusan:
Belarus
Bulgarian:
Bulgaria
Chinese - Mandarin:
People Republic of China
Czech:
Czech Republic
Dutch:
Belgium
Netherlands
English:
Australia
India (+probably Hindu and other native languages of India)
New Zealand
Pakistan (+probably Urdu)
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
Finnish:
Finland
French:
Belgium
France
German:
Germany
Italian:
Italy
Japanese:
Japan
Korean:
South Korea
Norwegian (Nynorsk and Bokmal):
Norway
Polish:
Poland
Portuguese:
Brazil
Romanian:
Romania
Russian:
Belarus
Russia
Ukraine
Spanish:
Argentina
Chile
Peru
Spain
Uruguay
Swedish:
Sweden
Ukrainian:
Ukraine
It can be seen that 31 countries have participated in scientific exploration of Antarctica. At least 22 languages from diverse language families have been officially used on Antarctica.
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AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA
The countries and territories use either English or French in higher education, science and technology. The geographical distribution is the following:
English:
American Samoa
Australia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands
Federal States of Micronesia
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
French:
New Caledonia
French Polynesia
Wallis and Futuna
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THE AMERICAS (GREENLAND, NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA)
There are six European languages (all from the Indo-European family of languages) with the following geographical distribution:
Danish:
Greenland
Dutch:
Aruba
Netherlands Antilles
Suriname
English:
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbados
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada (nationwide, less in French and French/English speaking areas)
Cayman Islands
Dominica
Falkland Islands
Grenada
Jamaica
Monserrat
Navassa Island
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States (not counting the territories)
United States Virgin Islands
French:
Canada (mainly in Quebéc, less in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia)
Dominican Republic
French Guiana
Guadeloupe
Haiti
Martinique
Saint Pierre and Miguelon
Portuguese:
Brazil
Spanish:
Argentina
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Uruguay
Venezuela
It is visible that from 53 countries and territories only one uses two languages (Canada: English and French) in higher education, science and technology. The other countries and territories, even having two or more official languages, regional languages, de facto or de jure languages, use only one language in higher education, science and technology.
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AFRICA
There are six European languages (all from the Indo-European family of languages) and the Arabic with the following geographical distribution:
Afrikaans:
South Africa
Arabic:
Egypt
Lybia
Morocco
Western Sahara
Sudan
Tunisia
English:
Botswana
Cameroon
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gambia
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Malawi
Mauritius
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Seychelles
Saint Helena
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
French:
Algeria
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of Congo
Djibouti
Gabon
Guinea
Madagascar
Mali
Mayotte
Mauritania
Niger
Réunion
Rwanda
Senegal
Togo
Portuguese:
Angola
Cabo Verde
Guinea-Bissau
Madeira
Mozambique
São Tomé and Príncipe
Spanish:
Canary Islands
Ceuta
Equatorial Guinea
Melilla
Among 61 african countries and territories, some countries are bilingual in terms of the language use in higher education, science and technology: Cameroon (English and French), Rwanda (English and French), Sudan (Arabic and English), South Africa (Afrikaans and English).
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EUROPE
Europe is the westernmost peninsula of the Eurasian continent. Historical, linguistic, political and other but not much geographical reasons shape it into a distinct region that is considered as a continent. It is linguistically very complex when higher education, science and technology are considered.
Albanian Gheg:
Serbia (most of Kosovo region)
Macedonia (in the Western part)
Albanian Tosk:
Albania
Basque:
Spain (Basque Country)
Belarusan:
Belarus
Bosniac:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgarian:
Bulgaria
Catalan-Valencian-Balear:
Andorra
Spain (Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands)
Croatian:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Czech:
Czech Republic
Danish:
Denmark
Dutch:
Belgium (Flemish Region and the capital Brussels)
Netherlands
English:
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Ireland
Isle of Man
Jersey
Malta
United Kingdrom
Estonian:
Estonia
Faroese:
Faroe Islands
Finnish:
Finland
French:
Belgium (most of the Wallon Region and the capital Brussels)
France
Monaco
Switzerland (French speaking areas)
Friulian:
Italy (most of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region)
Galician:
Spain (Galicia)
German:
Austria
Belgium (East Cantons of the Wallon Region)
Germany
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Switzerland (German speaking areas and most of Romansch speaking areas)
Greek:
Cyprus (Greek part)
Greece
Hungarian:
Hungary
Icelandic:
Iceland
Italian:
Italy
San Marino
Switzerland (Italian speaking areas)
Vatican City
Macedonian:
Macedonia (nationwide)
Moldavian:
Moldova (except in Transnistria)
Latvian:
Latvia
Lithuanian:
Lithuania
Montenegrin:
Montenegro
Norwegian Nynorsk:
Jan Mayen (only temporary officials of the Norwegian Defence Force
and Metrological Institute)
Norway
Svalbard
Norwegian Bokmål:
Jan Mayen (only temporary officials of the Norwegian Defence Force
and Metrological Institute)
Norway
Svalbard
Polish:
Poland
Portuguese:
Portugal
Romanian:
Romania
Russian:
Belarus
Moldova (Transnistria)
Russia
Ukraine
Serbia:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovakian:
Slovakia
Slovenian:
Slovenia
Spanish (Castelan):
Spain (nationwide)
Swedish:
Sweden
Åland Islands
Finland
Turkish:
Cyprus (Turkish part)
Turkey
Ukrainian:
Ukraine
There are 53 countries and territories and 40 languages. Some langauges
are used in more than one country, whilst there are countries with more
than one language used in high education, science and technology. Such
multilingual countries are (number of languages in brackets): Belarus (2),
Bosnia and Herzegovina (3), Belgium (3), Cyprus (2), Finland (2), Luxembourg
(2), Macedonia (2), Moldova (2), Norway (2), Serbia (2), Spain (4), Switzerland
(3), and Ukraine (2).
The best view of the complete european situation can be viewed from
the updated map below. The map includes official languages in higher education,
science and technology. In some cases, this "official" is good to consider
as the most probable or the best approximant. Such estimates are also included
in the map.
Official national languages in higher education, science and technology in Europe and their linguistic classification.
NOTES:
-About the definition of official languages,
national languages, languages in higher education, science and technology
one should consult the text in this page to avoid misunderstandings and
misinterpretations.
-Countries and territories differ in understanding
and defining the tem of the official language(s): in the constitution and
legal system, in public opinion, and in practice.
-This and other maps in this page can be understood
only as the best trials or approximants to describe the real situation.
The maps cannot be considered as exact linguistic, ethnic/national, political
and socio-economic data for all countries and territories. Drawing exact
maps is impossible in many cases due to linguistic/ethhnic mixture, historical
and other reasons, and sometimes becuase of the preferences for different
languages.
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ASIA
Asia is the mainland part of the Eurasian continent. Historical, linguistic, political and other but not much geographical reasons shape it into a region distinct from Europe, although there are many ties with Europe besides the geography. Asia is linguistically very complex when higher education, science and technology are considered, not only in geographical sense but also along the timeline. New languages are arising in higher education, science and technology, yet with very modest use. Such examples can be found in multilingual and multiethnic societies such as India, Iraq and Indonesia.
Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic):
Bahrain
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Israel (Palestinian Territories: the Gaza Strip and the West Bank)
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Armenian:
Armenia
Azerbaijani-Northern:
Azerbaijan
Chinese-Mandarin (Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin):
People's Republic of China (nationwide)
Taiwan
Dari (Farsi-Eastern):
Afghanistan
English:
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Hong Kong
India (nationwide)
Macau
Maldives
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Georgian:
Georgia
Hebrew:
Israel (without the Palestinian territories)
Indonesian:
Indonesia (nationwide)
Japanese:
Japan
Kazakh:
Kazakhstan (South)
Kirghiz:
Kyrgyzstan (except the North)
Khmer-Central:
Cambodia
Korean:
North Korea
South Korea
Kurdish-Northern:
Iraq (North)
Lao:
Laos
Malay:
Malaysia
Mongolian Halh:
Mongolia
Pashtu (Pashto-Southern):
Afghanistan
Persian (Farsi-Western):
Iran
Portuguese:
Timor Leste
Russian:
Kazakhstan (North and the Central part)
Kyrgyzstan (North)
Russia
Sundanese:
Indonesia (Western Java)
Tajiki:
Tajikistan
Tamil:
India (Tamil Nandu)
Telugu:
India (Andra Pradesh)
Thai:
Thailand
Tibetan-Central:
People's Republic of China (Tibet)
Turkish:
Turkey
Turkmen:
Turkmenistan
Urdu:
India (Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi and the surroundings)
Uzbek-Northern:
Uzbekistan
Vietnamese:
Vietnam
There are 33 languages used in higher education, science and technology
in 51 countries and territories. The linguistic situation is illustrated
in the map below, which was drawn in the same way as the map for Europe.
The map shows the following multilingual countries (number of languages
in brackets): Afghanistan (2), India (4), Indonesia (2), Iraq (2), Israel
(2), Kazakhstan (2), Kyrgyzstan (2) and the People's Republic of China
(2).
Official national languages in higher education, science and technology
in Asia and their linguistic classification.
Underlined names means languages in which the word CHEMOMETRICS
has been found. Among these languages,
the languages in which this word consist of the CHEMO- and -METRICS
particles are marked with the asterisk (*).
NOTES:
-About the definition of official languages,
national languages, languages in higher education, science and technology
one should consult the text in this page to avoid misunderstandings and
misinterpretations.
-Countries and territories differ in understanding
and defining the tem of the official language(s): in the constitution and
legal system, in public opinion, and in practice.
-This and other maps in this page can be understood
only as the best trials or approximants to describe the real situation.
The maps cannot be considered as exact linguistic, ethnic/national, political
and socio-economic data for all countries and territories. Drawing exact
maps is impossible in many cases due to linguistic/ethhnic mixture, historical
and other reasons, and sometimes because of the preferences for different
languages.
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THE WORLD STATISTICS
Finally, the world statistics can be outlined taking into account the
linguistic situation of all the continents, including Antarctica. The results
are in the table right below.
| Area |
|
|
|
| Antarctica |
|
|
|
| Australia & Oceania |
|
|
|
| North America & South America |
|
|
|
| Africa |
|
|
|
| Europe |
|
|
|
| Asia |
|
|
|
| World |
|
|
|
*The World including Antarctica
Conclusion:
The NL/NCT ratio is the measure of linguistic diversity. When considering
naturally inhabited areas i.e. excluding Antarctica, it is obvious
that areas with the high ratio are only Europe and Asia. This is because
many indigenous languages has gained the status of official or co-official
languages or have limited use related to some scientific activity. It can
be expected that the ratio for Asia will continue growing and the ratio
for Africa will start growing in close future. Perhaps the ratios for the
other continents will show some growth in far future. This prediction includes
also Europe, where some regional languages, from which many do not have
yet any official status or are even not recognized as distinct languages,
will make some scientific contribution.
Besides, the present number of the languages in higher education, science
and technology makes only a small fraction of actually living languages
(between 5,000 and 10,000, most probably 7,000), below 2%.
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WARNING:
We cannot guarante that the above information is absolutely
correct and updated right at the time of the changes in a particular country.
Internet is not an absolute source of information for all desired items.
Situations in some countries are rather complex and it is hard to follow
some standard classification with regard to languages, language uses, science/technology,
higher education, and related issues. Therefore, we recommend that eventual
reader use other sources to ensure the validity of the information retrieved
from this site.
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THE LINGUISTICAL CLASSIFICATION
The above national languages plus some other languages that has to be
considered (New Latin and Esperanto) are classified in the following linguistical
categories:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Language
Language family Subfamily/Branch*
Further divisions**
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Albanian Gheg
Indo-European Albanian
-
Albanian Tosk
Indo-European Albanian
-
Arabic
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
Central/South/Arabic
Armenian
Indo-European Armenian
-
Azerbaijani-Northern
Altaic
Turkic
Southern/Azerbaijani
Basque
Basque (Isolate) -
Belarusan
Indo-European Slavic
East
Bosniac
Indo-European Slavic
South/Western
Bulgarian
Indo-European Slavic
South/Eastern
Catalan-Valenc.-Bal.
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Western/Ibero-Romance
Chinese-Mandarin
Sino-Tibetan
Chinese
Mandarin
Croatian
Indo-European Slavic
South/Western
Czech
Indo-European Slavic
West/Czech-Slovak
Danish
Indo-European Germanic
North/East Scandinavian
Dari
Indo-European Iranian
Western/Southwestern/Persian
Dutch
Indo-European Germanic
West/Low Franconian
English
Indo-European Germanic
West/English
Esperanto
C. Int. Aux. lang.# Rom./Ger./Sl.##
-
Estonian
Uralic
Finnic
-
Faroese
Indo-European Germanic
North/West Scandinavian
Finnish
Uralic
Finnic
-
French
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Western/Gallo-Romance
Friulian
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Western/Gallo-Romance
Galician
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Western/Ibero-Romance
Georgian
Kartvelian
Georgian
-
German
Indo-European Germanic
West/High German/Middle German
Greek
Indo-European Greek
Attic
Hebrew
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
Central/South/Canaanite
Hungarian
Uralic
Finno-Ugric Ugric
Icelandic
Indo-European Germanic
North/West Scandinavian
Indonesian
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian Malayic/Malayan/Local Malay
Italian
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Italo-Dalmatian
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
-
Kazakh
Altaic
Turkic
Western/Aralo-Caspian
Kirghiz
Altaic
Turkic
Western/Aralo-Caspian
Khmer-Central
Austro-Asiatic Mon-Khmer
East Mon-Khmer/Khmer
Korean
Korean (Isolate) -
Kurdish-Northern
Indo-European Iranian
Western/Northwestern/Kurdish
Macedonian
Indo-European Slavic
South/Eastern
Moldavian
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Eastern
Lao
Tai-Kadai
Kam-Tai
Tai/Southwestern/Lao-Phutai
Latin-New
Indo-European Italic
Latino-Faliscan
Latvian
Indo-European Baltic
Eastern
Lithuanian
Indo-European Baltic
Eastern
Malay
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian Malayic/Malayan/Local Malay
Mongolian Halh
Altaic
Mongolian Eastern/Khalkha-Buriat
Montenegrin
Indo-European Slavic
South/Western
Norwegian Nynorsk
Indo-European Germanic
North/W Scandinavian/Norwegian
Norwegian Bokmål
Indo-European Germanic
North/W Scandinavian/Norwegian
Pashtu
Indo-European Iranian
Eastern/Southeastern/Pashto
Persian
Indo-European Iranian
Western/Southwestern/Persian
Polish
Indo-European Slavic
West/Lechitic
Portuguese
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Western/Ibero-Romance
Romanian
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Eastern
Russian
Indo-European Slavic
East
Serbian
Indo-European Slavic
South/Western
Slovakian
Indo-European Slavic
West/Czech-Slovak
Slovenian
Indo-European Slavic
South/Western
Spanish
Indo-European Italic
(Romance) Romance/Western/Ibero-Romance
Sundanese
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian Sundanese
Swedish
Indo-European Germanic
North/East Scandinavian
Tajiki
Indo-European Iranian
Western/Southwestern/Persian
Tamil
Dravidian
Southern Tamil-Kannada/Tamil
Telugu
Dravidian
South-Central Telugu
Thai
Tai-Kadai
Kam-Tai
Tai/Southwestern/East Central
Tibetan-Central
Sino-Tibetan
Tibeto-Burman Himalayish/Tibetic/Tibetan
Turkish
Altaic
Turkic
Southern/Turkish
Turkmen
Altaic
Turkic
Southern/Turkmenian
Ukrainian
Indo-European Slavic
East
Urdu
Indo-European Indic
Central Zone/W Hindi/Hindustani
Uzbek-Northern
Altaic
Turkic
Eastern
Vietnamese
Austro-Asiatic Mon-Khmer
Viet-Muong
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
#Constructed International
Auxiliary Languages.
##Based on Romance,
Germanic and Slavic languages.
*Italic (Romance) was placed instead of Italic although Romance is
the further step in the linguistic division. Romance langauges are more
known as Romance and less as the Romance sub-branch of the Italic languages.
**This division is incomplete and serves only to distinguish languages
from the same sub-family or branch.
Conclusion:
The languages belong to 11 language families and there are two language
isolates (Basque and Korean). These language families are:
-Afro-Asiatic
-Altaic
-Austro-Asiatic
-Austronesian
-Dravidian
-Indo-European
-Japanese
-Kartvelian
-Sino-Tibetan
-Tai-Kadai
-Uralic
These language families and isolates make a small fraction of the living
language families (over hundred), language isolates (almost 50) and Creole
languages (almost hundred) that are known registered, known and studied
today.
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External sources:
Wikipedia in English: http://www.wikipedia.org
Muturzikin linguistic maps: http://www.muturzikin.com
Ethnologue: Languages of the World:
http://www.ethnologue.com
Related internet sites of universities, faculties, online journals
and governmental sites about educational systems and languages in
particular countries.